Character Analysis Arabian Nightmares - 995 Words

Angel is the journey of a young girl, Rehana, and the loss of her innocence on the way to an adulthood thrust upon her by circumstance, combat, and war. Through the power of a brilliantly constructed script and a truly dynamic performance, the performance leaves tears in eyes and many thoughts left in heads about this unknown war. This piece brings home the devastation and despair much sharper than any news report could ever do. Angel is the third instalment of a trilogy entitled Arabian Nightmares. Rehana (Angel) is a near-mythical figure who during the siege of Kobane (a Syrian town near the Turkish border) is believed to have killed 100 ISIS fighters while protecting the area for the Kurdish YPG. As the accompanying notes that you†¦show more content†¦However, with each kill Rehana feels a little piece of herself die. Like the pistachios grown on her father’s farm, her skin is stripped away to reveal a hard centre, leading to an internal moral struggle which outweighs anything faced on the battlefield. This is shown through the characterisation of Rehana and her obvious character development for the audience as the piece progresses. While Angel continues his exploration of issues in the Middle East, it ups both the ante and the pace, requiring an actor of incredible emotional range and physical endurance. Russian-born, Berlin-raised, London-trained Avital Lvova is that actor, capable of conveying an incredible intensity and diversity of emotion through her face and eyes alone. She appears on a sparse stage in a green tank top and army pants. The stage and walls are black. A large wine barrel sits on the stage. Lvova does the entire show solo – no props, soundtrack, or effects; stage lighting is her only aid. The simplicity of the barren set, when contrasted with Avital’s powerful performance, produces a traumatic, harrowing and confronting piece. Through this, the audience vicariously lives out the emotive, and raw rendition of the ‘legend’ of Rehana, as well as the stories of many other women who have suffered at the hand of ISIS forces. Their untold experiences have been intertwined in the performance, through relatable acting, and empathy felt by the audience due to Lvova’s captivatingShow MoreRelatedSeminar: Literary Theory Applied to H.P. Lovecraft-Notably â€Å"the Beast in the Cave†6821 Words   |  28 PagesBuena VistA university | A Theoretical Analysis of H.P. Lovecraft’s â€Å"Beast in the Cave† | Senior Seminar | | Cory J. Dahlstrom | 7/28/2012 | H.P. Lovecraft has been called â€Å"one of the best, worst authors of our century.† In the following paper, I will explore his earliest work, â€Å"The Beast in the Cave,† a story written when he was around fifteen years old. I will explore its meanings and context through the lenses of reader response, deconstructionism, newRead MoreLiterature and Language10588 Words   |  43 Pages1 Foregrounding and grammatical form Consider the following examples, both of which describe inner city decay in the U.S. The first is from the Observer (29 November 1995) : ex.9-1 The 1960 dream of high rise living soon turned into a nightmare. In this sentence, there is nothing grammatically unusual or â€Å"deviant† in the way the words of the sentence are put together. However, in the following verse from a poem, the grammatical structure seems to be much more challenging, and makesRead MoreMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 Pagesfollowing classification of cases by subject matter to be helpful. I thank those of you who made this and other suggestions. Classification of Cases by Major Marketing Topics Topics Most Relevant Cases Marketing Research and Consumer Analysis Coca-Cola, Disney, McDonald’s, Google, Starbucks Product Starbucks, Nike, Coke/Pepsi, McDonald’s, Maytag, Dell, Hewlett-Packard, Newell Rubbermaid, DaimlerChrysler, Kmart/Sears, Harley-Davidson, Boeing/Airbus, Merck, Boston Beer, Firestone/FordRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 PagesLeadership Chapter 2 Organization Strategy and Project Selection 1.4 Projects and programs (.2) 1.4.1 Managing the portfolio 1.4.3 Strategy and projects 2.3 Stakeholders and review boards 12.1 RFP’s and vendor selection (.3.4.5) 11.2.2.6 SWAT analysis 6.5.2.7 Schedule compression 9.4.2.5 Leadership skills G.1 Project leadership 10.1 Stakeholder management Chapter 11 Teams Chapter 3 Organization: Structure and Culture 2.4.1 Organization cultures [G.7] 2.4.2 Organization structureRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pageslamentable. Taken together, the key themes and processes that have been selected as the focus for each of the eight essays provide a way to conceptualize the twentieth century as a coherent unit for teaching, as well as for written narrative and analysis. Though they do not exhaust the crucial strands of historical development that tie the century together—one could add, for example, nationalism and decolonization—they cover in depth the defining phenomena of that epoch, which, as the essays demonstrateRead MoreAutobilography of Zlatan Ibrahimovic116934 Words   |  468 Pagesoften come home hungry as a wolf and open the fridge thinking: Please, please, let there be something! But no, nothing, just the usual stuff: milk, butter, some bread, and if I was lucky some juice, Multivitamin, the 4 liter pack, bought at the Arabian store because they were the cheapest, and beer of course, Pripps Blà ¥ and Carlsberg, six-packs with that plastic wrap around them. Sometimes there was only beer, and my stomach was screaming for food. There was a pain in that which I ll never forget

Rise of Crime in the 1920s Essays - 872 Words

The 1920s are usually characterized as a time of care-free, social rebellion against the restricting ideals of the post WWI world, but it has a darker side than this. Prisons populations and crime rates rose to an all time high from where they were pre-Prohibition. Gangsters soon became the richest, most powerful men in the country and all due to the bootlegging of liquor. In New York and Chicago especially, the gangs were as diverse as the people living there, all fighting to control their areas, causing insane amounts of violence and death. Although Prohibitions aim was to decrease drunkenness and crime, it would ultimately cause more harm than good with the emergence of speakeasies which kept people drunk and gangs who increased crime†¦show more content†¦Bootlegging, the distribution and dealing of an illegal substance, was becoming increasingly popular with liquor outlawed. Bootleggers would go to great extents to bring in liquor to their customers, prymarily speakeasy owners, as well as making sure they did not lose their customers to the other vaious gangs in the area. To ensure this threats were made to owners, gang wars began, and many murders occurred. (â€Å"Prohibition†) Those who became successful bootleggers became emmensly rich and powerful resulting in the expansion and flourishing of organized crime. Most organized crime leaders, gangsters, were wealthy and lived, at least on the outside, a sophisticated and exuberant life. In fact durning the Prohibition Era many people idolized bootlegging and gangs because it was a fast way to get rich and powerful.This would lead to an increase in the population of gangs. These gangs could be extremely dangerous and would kill many, ultimately causing an increase in homicide rates by 13% (Organized Crime and Prohibition†). The reasoning behind the homicide rates going up is simple; as different mobs became more powerful in their areas and their range of illegal activities expanded they got more attention and this attention caused for rivalrys between different mobs and a higher police involvement in attempting to end theShow MoreRelatedHow did the Prohibition Change the United States of America (USA)? And why was it a failure?1490 Words   |  6 Pagesthe drinking of alcoholic beverages. The enforcement of the Volstead Act in the United States of America (USA) saw the nationwide beginning of the prohibition on the 16th of January 1920. The Prohibition brought about a change in attitude for the people of the United States (USA). It caused an extreme rise in crime; encouraging everyday people to break the law and increased the amount of liquor that was consumed nationwide. Overall this law was a failure because a law can not be enforced on a democraticRead MoreAl Capone : The Ruthless Gangster1222 Words   |  5 Pagesdue to the few tactics he utilized. Throughout the 1920s, Capone was known for being a successful criminal and almost made Prohibition nonexistent. Capone is credited for most of the illegal distribution of alcohol by using violence to threaten opposing gangs. Al Capone was the most successful distributor of alcohol due to bribing law enforcements and violence against opposing gangs(Yauncey). Capone was a very successful criminal throughout the 1920s which earned him fame during his time. Opposing gangsRead MoreOrganized Crime During the Roaring Twenties678 Words   |  3 PagesOrganized Crime During the Roaring Twenties The 1920s, or the Roaring Twenties as this epoch is often referred to as, was a major turning point in America history. During this time period many American citizens believed and even acted out of hedonism. This mindset of the general population and along with other dilemmas led to a stunning and rapid increase in the amount of organized crime. The sudden uproar of organized crime during the 1920s was caused mainly by prohibition that gave rise to manyRead MoreA comparison between the 1920s and the 1980s.1408 Words   |  6 PagesThe 1920s and 1980s are similar in many ways. Their similarities are social, economical, and political. Some of the similarities between the decades are Prohibition and the War on Drugs, the Stock Market Crash of 1929 and 1987, and the influence of music on society. Prohibition was passed as the 18th amendment, that importing, exporting, transporting, and manufacturing of alcohol was to be put to an end. Prohibition did not achieve its goals. Instead, it added to the problems that it intendedRead MoreThe Epidemic Of Organized Crime917 Words   |  4 PagesDuring the 19th century there were various issues that were occurring that launched an epidemic of organized crime, in the United States problems with organized crime were mainly seen in a social, political and cultural spectrum. During the 19th century, various problems were erupting causing conflict within society, large numbers of immigration had occurred, the majority had come from China and Ireland. When the Chinese arrived to the United States they were mostly utilized as workers for the railroadsRead MoreIdentification And Evaluation Of Sources1315 Words   |  6 PagesRyan Bankston 3/2/16 2B History Section 1: Identification and Evaluation of sources This investigation will explore the question: What were the causes that lead to Prohibition s failure in the United States? This investigation will follow the years 1893 through 1933 to analyze the reasons for Prohibition s failure as well as a shift away from Prohibition. The Prohibition era in the United States is most notably remembered for its inability to sober up the nation. According to Mark ThorntonRead More Cultural Revolution Of The 1920s Essay745 Words   |  3 Pages The 1920s were times of cultural revolution. The times were changing in many different ways. Whenever the times change, there is a clash between the quot;oldquot; and the quot;newquot; generations. The 1920s were no exception. In Dayton, Tennessee, 1925, a high school biology teacher was arrested. He was arrested because he taught the theory of evolution. The teacher, John T. Scopes, was accused of having violated the Butler Act. This was a Tennessee law that forbade the teaching of the theoryRead More Prohibition Essay examples1083 Words   |  5 Pagesthe 18th amendment in 1920. Organizations came about for the sole purpose of an alcohol free America. In 1833, an estimated one million Americans belonged to some type of temperance association (Behr 12). Many believed the absence of alcohol would help the poor as well as big business. Lower class people would put more money into savings accounts and productivity would increase among workers (Hanson 27). More importantly the â€Å"n oble experiment†Ã¢â‚¬â€was undertaken to reduce crime and corruption, solveRead MoreAmeric The Rise Of Organized Crime873 Words   |  4 PagesProfessor Wilson Writing Composition 2 3/21/16 America: The Rise of Organized Crime The United States of America is no stranger to corruption and extortion. Gang violence, the mafia, murder for pay and the marijuana industry in un-legalized states are a few examples of organized crime that happen in current day America. There are many different forms and types of organized crime today but where did they arise from? The rise and growth of organized crime in America can be attributed to government interventionRead MoreThe Rise and Fall of the Italian Mafia1664 Words   |  7 PagesCity is comprised has drastically altered the culture in the region; transforming industries with brute force and attracting much public attention. Hollywood focuses on glamorizing the Mafioso lifestyle, distracting from the true nature of organized crime. Over the past decade, the key opportunities have been utilized by the Italian Mafia, resulting in a powerful behind-the-scenes dominance over many aspects we may not expect. Its gonna be a Cosa Nostra. The Honored Society, or Mafia, as it

Queen Music History Essay Example For Students

Queen Music History Essay Queen became one f the most well known Rock and Pop groups for the next 18 years and had a host of number one successes written by every member of the group. Although still touring with original members Brian May and Roger Taylor, the Queen most recognized by its extravagant stage shows and music videos came to an end with the death of lead singer Freddie Mercury in 1991. Queen were responsible for fourteen albums covering a varied array of genres such as Rock, Progressive Rock, Rock and Roll, Pop, Classical, Disco and Funk. Queens first album Queen featured a wide mixture of musical styles. The opening song Keep Yourself Alive, also the bands first single, written by Brian May was a rock song featuring the standard l, V, V chord progression but also marking several sounds that would become some of Queens trademarks for years to come. For example the intro and solo section involves Brian May using his trademark delay effect with the production feature of layered guitar. Also the song My Fairy King by Freddie Mercury which featured the same guitar production but also operatic vocal arrangement with the use of layered vocals by the band. The lyrical theme varies ever these songs such as Liar by Freddie Mercury, a standard rock song with a love theme. Modern Times Rock and Roll a heavy metal song by Roger Taylor written simply about the music and My Fairy King, by Freddie Mercury written about a mythical world. The mythical theme and folklore would feature heavily in Queens earlier works through Ogre Battle on the Queen II album, In The Lap of The Gods On Sheer Heart attack and The Prophets Song on A Night At The Opera. Many songs such as these could be called progressive rock in the use of production techniques such as layered vocals, guitars and long musical interludes during the music. At the same time, these albums featured an array of songs written by other members of the band such as Father to Son by Brian May which appeared on the Queen II album which lyrically was about a father explaining life to his son and Youre My Best Friend by John Deacon, a love song written when he was married in 1975. The release of the album A Day at the Races saw a turning point in the musical development of Queen. Where previously many songs had featured a prop rock and operatic arrangement, My Fairy King, Bohemian Rhapsody, and lyrically had little Queen Music History By Jackbooted mainly on a love theme. This album featured songs such as Tie Your Mother Down by Brian May which was a rock and roll standard and The Millionaire Waltz a waltz time and again operatic rock song by Freddie Mercury it did not however feature any of the more mythically based songs from previous albums and focused more on a love theme throughout. The songs also had more standard solo section lengths rather than long drawn out layered guitar solos or piano interludes. Queens next album, News of The World would see some of the bands most well known songs and the transition into writing much more anthem based songs such as We Will Rock You and We Are the Champions. Similarly with the next two albums Jazz (1980) and The Game (1978) whose tracks continued on the rock trend for Queen with songs such as Dont Stop Me Now and Crazy Little Thing Called Love. In 1982 however Queen would attempt to write an album with a Disco and Pop theme throughout with a large usage of synthesized instruments such as a drum machine. Although Hot Space was seen as a failure for the band musically it did show the bands understanding and ability to write other genres of music and produced one of their greatest hits, Under Pressure. The song Body language for example was recorded without any guitar on the track and The Bass line of Dancer was played on a keyboard synthesizer by Brian May. The album was not received well by the Queen fans or the critics, Hot Space takes all the things that Queen were known for and either removes them or treats them to ridiculous subversion. Essay On Pop MusicTape or Analogue delay systems worked by taking the one note played by the guitar then the tape deck playing that note back at a set time from the original note and so on. May, especially in long instrumentals, would often play the first note of a chord then as the tape played that delay he would play the second note of a chord and so on. By the time third delay was played back, a lull chord was being sounded by a single guitar which he could then sustain and play over the top of. Http://www. Questions. Info/the-book/queen-the-four-of-them-as- musicians/Brian-may. HTML Queen have influenced many artists since their last studio album in 1991. Bands of varied genres are known to have covered Queens work or given them credited for their own musical creations. The Heavy Metal band Metallic covered the queen song Some people to offer credit to Queen as one of their key musical influences are The Killers, Green Day, Lady Gaga, Boo Fighters, Guns Roses and many more. O ne key feature of Queen was their flamboyant live shows and performances by lead sing Freddie Mercury. Mercury wore striking and sensational clothing on stage from leotards to studded arm bands as well as using a trademark half microphone stand which he often used as a prop for his on stage actions. This idea of a visual performance as well as musical is a staple for most contemporary commercial music with extravagant shows from artists such as Lady Gaga or Robbie Williams. The lack of meaning surrounding many of Queens lyrics throughout their career is also omitting which has been continued into contemporary music. The song One Vision ends simply with the words Fried Chicken also it is commonly believed that the lyrics to Bohemian Rhapsody were merely written to fit the music and hold no meaning. Other songs by Queen such as Somebody to Love were although meaningful to the listener where relevant, the lyrics were very much generic and standard to that genre. This is still the case with most contemporary commercial music and to those who have credited Queen with being one of their key influences with songs such as Micas Grace Kelly and Lady Sagas Do What You Want. Queen released a wide array of albums covering varied genres from their rock, classical and progressive rock roots of the Albums Queen and A Day At The Races and the Rock themed News of The World. A disco album Hot Space and the pop and rock based The Miracle and Innuendo. Uniquely each member of queen wrote at least one number one song which is testament to their commercial knowledge and musical abilities as individuals as well as a group. Queens flamboyant portrayal of themselves mainly shown through lead singer Freddie Mercurys larger than life take performances and vocal style also added to their commercial success. A testament to queens long lasting influences on the music world is shown through the many artists both contemporary and of the time that cite queen as one of their key influences in their own music whether through song writing or performance. We are the Champions: The Politics of Sports and Popular Music by Ken McLeod Freddie Mercury Interview Walt David Wig 1986 http://www. Questions. Info/the-book/queen-the-four-of-them-as-musicians/Brian- may. HTML Dont Talk! In defense of Queens Hot Space, Daniel Ross

Precision Instrument free essay sample

After much success and high profits in their former location, Precision Instruments decided to move into a new, more luxurious location. Harold, who had committed the most capital during Precision’s startup, had developed excellent relationships with the workers, and always was a source of encouragement to them, retired. All of this, combined with the new building’s expenses and a downturn in the economy, led to an immediate slowdown in production. Management was overly optimistic and turned a blind eye to economic conditions. The increased size of the company made it necessary to increase staff, and Precision hired 50 new hires mostly to develop highly specialized products they thought they could not afford in the old building. After the new hires, Precision purchased and implemented a computer aided design-computer aided manufacturing system that was not liked or accepted by production staff. This system did not achieve the desired results, was expensive to install and operated and was difficult to operate. We will write a custom essay sample on Precision Instrument or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page At the same time, Precision was slapped with a patent infringement lawsuit and laid out over one million dollars in legal fees. This in turn led to the auditors issuing an unqualified audit opinion for the 1991 financial statements. Management became untrustworthy by production staff, and production staff looked upon management as living in a glass tower, disconnected and not involved with production. The lower production in the new building worsened over time and led to higher scrap rates and increased absenteeism. Finished products per hour decreased well below company goals. Inferior materials resulted in a slow down in order delivery. Moral was low as there were not pay grades, and raises were only granted paid for high performance. Production staff wanted to unionize in an effort to alleviate the pay structure. 2. Identify and describe the different performance management systems. According to Susan Heathfield, in her article Performance Management, performance management is a management process for ensuring employees are focusing their work efforts in ways that contribute to achieving the agency’s mission. It consists of three phases: (a) setting expectations for employee performance, (b) maintaining a dialogue between supervisor and employee to keep performance on track, and (c) measuring actual performance relative to performance expectations. Initially, Jim, Don and Harold created their own positions according to who could perform each assignment the best of their abilities. Compensation and recognitions was set up as a profit sharing where employees received 50% of all operating income after operating income reached 18% of net sales. There are no salary grades in place or recognition programs for production staff other than a pay for performance program that only rewarded high producers. The pay for performance plan was not negotiated, only enforced. The case has no mention of orientation, education or training programs. Only after production losses occurred was there any opportunity for feedback from production staff indicating a lack of communication between management and staff. Company goals are unclear and unobtainable leaving productions staff resentful of management. Precision offered no promotional or career development opportunities. 3. How and when would you intervene? According to Ford, Heisler and McCreary’s article, Leading Change with the 5-P Model, to bring about successful change, change leader must consider and effectively address five components, purpose, priorities, people, process and proof. To be effective change managers Precision Instruments, management must step in and articulate a vision. My intervention would begin immediately and include initiating agendas that are results oriented, and effectively communicate Precision’s vision of being a successful organization that sustains rapid growth. I would persuade others to commit to this new vision, be pioneers, and cast challenging new visions (Nanus, 1992). If Precision Instruments wants positive changes to occur, they should encourage people to learn and support the learning process instead of simply tolerating it. Precision needs to cultivate a culture of learning, as a culture of learning promotes a continuous loop of reflection, measurement, feedback, and action. It rewards people for learning as well as for achieving results and the organization is rewarded as well by achieving its goals as a prosperous, growth oriented company. Goals need to be expressed in terms that both community and business people understand, such as â€Å"return on investment. † Power and authority belong to all partners, not just a few. Precision’s leaders must realize that everyone brings some value to the change process, and they must encourage broad participation (Aspen Institute Roundtable on Community Change, 1997). When Precision’s leaders truly believe that their prime goal is the welfare of their followers, they will get results (O’Toole, 1995). According to Warner Burke, in his work, Organization Change, Theory and Practice, there is considerable evidence, despite the beliefs of many senior managers, that participative management is more likely than most other approaches to lead to higher unit and organization performance.

Perfromance Matrix of Pantene

Perfromance Matrix of Pantene Free Online Research Papers Strengths Good brand Strong profit Loyal customer base Dominant in hair care market Wide distribution Has many product collections The sales of shampoo also help to increase the sales of other Pantene products Weaknesses Use different package around the world Confused consumers by offering too much collections Messy product line Spend a lot of money on the new packaging strategies Opportunities The concern about beauty and health increases People are willing to pay more for â€Å"green† products or natural products Launch the new product line called â€Å"Natural Fusion† Wining The Australian Beauty Award 2009 Threats Many competitors in the hair care market The fast growth of beauty salons and salon’s product Susan Anord, president of global business units of PG, left after 28 years serving for the company. STRENGTH Pantene Pro-V is the leading brand in hair care market and is one of the top brands of PG, the world largest consumer-products company. Pantene is also the planet’s best-selling shampoo with the sales of more than $3 billion dollar annually1. It’s really easy to find a Pantene product in any supermarkets, pharmacies, and convenient stores; from city to countryside and from countries to countries. With that wide distribution, more than 1.5 million Pantene products are sold everyday around the world2. The brand has the loyal customer base because people tend to stick to the cosmetic products that they get used to. Beside that, these customers also buy the other products from Pantene, according to a survey, 85% of Pantene shampoo consumers buy Pantene conditioner, 17% buy hair spay and 16% buy other styling products3. With 19 different collections such as Anti-Fizz, Beautiful Length, Smooth, Classic Care etc, Pantene can serve various market segments. WEAKNESS Having too much product lines doesn’t mean that it is always good and the products lines seem to become messy. Many Pantene’s consumers said that sometime it’s confused them from choosing the right collection for their hair. However, Pantene already responded to this problem by offering the quiz, designed by hair expects, on their website www.pantene.com to help consumers find the right one for their needs. The company also tried to make the distinction between different collections from promotion and packaging. Packaging, PG spent more than $100 million to refresh the brand by changing its packaging. Unfortunately, The new packaging strategies fail to deliver any real value innovation to the market, and thus can only be regarded as a fad because bright and glitzy packages will eventually lose their eye-catching quality as more products try to do the same.4 OPPORTUNITY As the standard living increases in many countries, the concern about beauty and health also increases. That is an opportunity for Pantene because people are willing to pay more for the beauty care products or hair care products. According to a study published last month by The Boston Consulting Group, consumers worldwide expressed an interest in buying â€Å"green† products with natural ingredients despite the slumping economy. This trend can be seen as a threat for Pantene because it is still weak compared to some salon-level products like Nexxus and Tresemme of Alberto Culver and Everpure Shampoo of L’oreal in this market segment. In fact, these products experienced a strong growth recently. Don’t yield the market share to these products, Pantene launched a new product line called â€Å"Natural Fusion† to compete with them. An advertisement of Natural Fusion tries to send a message to consumers that they can get a salon’s result by using Pantene Natural Fusion. Pantene Pro-V also won The Australian Award 2009, this is an opportunity for it to increase sales the following years. THREAT Although Pantene Pro-V is the leading brand in hair care market but it often lose its market share because there are a lot of players in this market. It’s a challenge for Pantene to make consumers choose its products over more than 100 kinds of shampoo from various brands on the shelf. Another threat for the company is the rise of beauty salons and salon’s products. Susan Arnold, the President of Global Business Units for Procter Gamble Co, helped PG from having one billion-brand, Pantene in 1999 to have eight billion-brands today: Pantene, Olay, Head Shoulders, Wella, Mach3, Gillette, Fusion and Braun when she resident of the Companys personal beauty care business ten years ago5. Her leaving after 28 years serving might be a disadvantage for PG. Research Papers on Perfromance Matrix of PanteneMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductDefinition of Export QuotasRiordan Manufacturing Production PlanAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfOpen Architechture a white paperGenetic EngineeringIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalTwilight of the UAWInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married Males

The History of Intel

The History of Intel In 1968, Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore were two unhappy engineers working for the Fairchild Semiconductor Company who decided to quit and create their own company at a time when many Fairchild employees were leaving to create start-ups. People like Noyce and Moore were nicknamed the Fairchildren. Robert Noyce typed up a one-page idea of what he wanted to do with the new company, and that was enough to convince San Francisco venture capitalist Art Rock to back Noyce and Moores new venture. Rock raised $2.5 million dollars in less than two days by selling convertible debentures. Art Rock became the first chairman of Intel. Intel Trademark The name Moore Noyce was already trademarked by a hotel chain, so the two founders decided upon the name Intel for their new company, a shortened version of Integrated Electronics. However, the rights to the name had to be bought from a company called Intelco first. Intel Products In 1969, Intel released the worlds first metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) static ram, the 1101. Also in 1969, Intels first money-making product was the 3101 Schottky bipolar 64-bit static random access memory (SRAM) chip. A year later in 1970, Intel introduced the 1103 DRAM memory chip. In 1971, Intel introduced the now-famous worlds first single chip microprocessor (the computer on a chip)- the Intel 4004- invented by Intel engineers Federico Faggin, Ted Hoff, and Stanley Mazor. In 1972, Intel introduced the first 8-bit microprocessor- the 8008. In 1974, the Intel 8080 microprocessor was introduced with ten times the power of the 8008. In 1975, the 8080 microprocessor was used in one of the first consumer home computers, the Altair 8800 which was sold in kit form. In 1976, Intel introduced the 8748 and 8048, the first type of microcontroller i.e. a computer-on-a-chip optimized to control electronic devices. Though produced by the USA’s Intel Corporation, the 1993 Pentium was basically the outcome of research conducted by an Indian engineer. Popularly known as the Father of the Pentium chip, the inventor of the computer chip is Vinod Dham.

New Perspectives and Issues in Educational Language Policy Assignment - 11

New Perspectives and Issues in Educational Language Policy - Assignment Example Through this course, I am well versed with how to handle my attitude in order not to affect the attitude of the student’s towards the course. Furthermore, through this specialization, I have been able to learn how to handle myself and deal with student issues. This is very important in ensuring that my behaviors do not deviate the students’ attention from the course. Furthermore, it has changed my beliefs concerning the course and the strategies to be used to achieve success. Therefore, when handling the students, I am more confident and able to learn the students’ reactions concerning my actions or teaching strategies. As a result, I am able to know when to make changes in order to keep the students glued to the topic of study. Through this course, I have developed immensely. I am now more mature and understand the interests of the students and how to incorporate my personal goals with those of the students. In addition, I now understand how to ensure that the personal life of the students does not affect the ability to learn English. Through teaching special needs Latin Males, I have been able to use the skills learned in the course. I have, therefore, been able to learn that I need to handle my emotions more carefully in order to ensure that they do not affect my teaching practice. Through interacting with Walden colleagues, families and other education professionals, I have been able to learn that educating the students to need a holistic approach. This is through involving all people who interact with the students. Furthermore, teaching students is a learning process; therefore, I need to be open-minded in order to learn from other people including students’ parents (Cooper, Shohamy, Walters, & Cooper, 2001).

Costing and Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Costing and Economics - Essay Example Prevention Costs: The planned costs incurred by an organization to ensure that errors are not made at any of the various stages during the delivery process of that product or service to a customer. The delivery process may include design, development, production and shipping. Examples of prevention costs include education and training, continuous improvement efforts, quality administration staff, process control, market research, field testing and preventive maintenance. Failure Costs: The costs incurred by a company because the product or service did not meet the requirements and the product had to be fixed or replaced or the service had to be repeated. These failure costs can be further subdivided in to two groups - Internal or External failures. Internal failures include all the costs resulting from the failures that are found before the product or service reaches the customer. Examples include scrap, rework, extra inventory, repair stations, re-design, salvage, corrective action reports and overtime due to nonconforming product or service. External failures are all the costs incurred by the company resulting when the customer finds the failure. These external failure costs do not include any of the personal costs of the customer. Examples of these costs include warranty, customer complaint administration, replacement product, recalls, shipping costs, analysis of warranty data, customer follow-up and field service departments. b) Relationship between Failure Costs and Prevention Costs: The following sketch illustrates that actual performance can fall short of customer satisfaction either because of quality of design failure or because of conformance quality failures. Actual Design Customer Performance Specifications Satisfaction Conformance Quality Quality of Design Failure Failure Conformance Quality refers to the performance of a product or service relative to its design and product specifications. For example, if a photocopying machine mishandles paper or breaks down, it fails to satisfy conformance quality. Products not conforming to specifications must be repaired, reworked, or scrapped at an additional cost to the organization. If non conformance errors remain after the product is shipped and the product breaks down at the customer site even greater repair costs as well as the loss of customer good will (often the highest quality cost) may result. Since as outlined above, there exists a strong relationship between prevention costs and failure costs, to ensure that actual performance achieves customer satisfaction companies must first design products to satisfy the customers through quality of designs, and they must then meet design specifications though conformance quality. Thus it may be seen that there is a direct relationship between the prevention cos t and failure costs and if the prevention costs are not taken care of by the company, it may lead to the incurring of additional quality costs in the form of internal or external failure costs.

The Handmaids Tale Essay Example for Free

The Handmaids Tale Essay The Handmaids Tale, written by Margaret Atwood, is set in two different times simultaneously, both being separate societies, with unlike moral principles. While Atwood describes the pre-Gilead society as one dealing with an unmanageable amount of injustices regarding women, since pornography, prostitution, and violence against women were getting out of the governments hands. Nevertheless, women were allowed to read in the pre-Gilead society, and had a wide amount of liberties compared to the ones handmaids in Gilead receive. Also, the society before Gilead was formed suffered from conflicts between religions and racial tensions, also known as the Sect Wars. On the other hand, Gilead, being the present society in the novel, shows a much more distant difference in liberties between both sexes. Women are used as procreation tools, and cannot have privacy whatsoever with the laws enforced by the system, such as not letting handmaids close their bedrooms door completely. Also, women arent allowed to read, like in the previous society, so that they cannot gain any knowledge. Ironically, it seems that both genders were having a better life in the previous society, which is described as chaotic, rather than in Gilead, even-though men have complete control over the law. Atwood writes about the reason of Gilead arising over the old society being an exponential decrease in birth rates. Another notorious difference between Gilead and pre-Gilead is that pre-Gilead tolerated homosexuality up to certain extent, while Gileads law declares the extermination of homosexual humans. As if the Catholic Church has lost the Sect Wars in the old society, priests or believers of such religion are also killed by the new system. Atwoods novel also describes numerous similarities between our current situation and the anti-utopian Gilead. Atwood describes the contrary of the rights gained by the feminists in the past century, including the legalization of abortion, which is being prohibited in Gilead. Other rights being undone by Gileads system are the right for women to vote, and their access to contraception devices. At the same time, Atwood criticizes the situation experienced in the 1980s regarding the fear towards pollution and infertility, by reflecting such dangers in the pre-Gilead society, and coming up with Gilead as the solution for both problems. A more recent issue mentioned in The Handmaids Tale is North Americas religious policies, which are unfair, and are expressed in an exaggerated way through the wall with the citizens who have suffered death penalty, and the Sect Wars. Elements that arent important in real life carry a large importance in The Handmaids Tale. Language is one of these devices, since its function in Gilead is to label each individual with his tribute to the society, making repression a result of such use. This makes the persecution of black (Children of Ham) people and Jews (Sons of Jacob) easier. Another factor used in Gilead is effective for the citizens of the society to bare the way they are treated. This is accomplished by pleasing women or other rejected or mistreated people with other things, such as power over the household, like it happens with Serena. Also, the romance Offred may have with Nick. Gilead also gives women the image that they are being protected from sexual violence by punishing rapists, but this is clearly false, since they are being used as prostitutes by the elite class. From such view, Gilead may be politically correct, but suffers from a way of corruption. In conclusion, Gilead differs from pre-Gilead because of its limited liberty to women, and its discrimination towards black, Jews, and catholic believers. Nevertheless, it offers more safety, but suffers from an improper use of power coming from men. This may be seen throughout the novel, where you can see that women are treated like objects of procreation. In a sense, Gilead has only brought inconformity into the world, as women cannot read, write, or do things by their own, and men live a boring life, according to their descriptions, as most have had their sexual and philosophical liberties taken away as well. I used to think of my body as an instrument, of pleasure, or a means of transportation, or an implement for the accomplishment of my will Now the flesh arranges itself differently. Im a cloud, congealed around a central object, the shape of a pear, which is hard and more real than I am and glows red within its translucent wrapping. (Chapter 13). This quote expresses that Offred feels her womb is now a states property, and that she has been oppressed by the society so that she appears to be just a superficial part of what she really is. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Margaret Atwood section.

Why Early Twentieth Century Women Made their Splash in Arizona Politics :: Essays Papers

Why Early Twentieth Century Women Made their Splash in Arizona Politics Since the beginning of Arizona history, women were confined to the traditional roles of housekeeping and child rearing due to the conditions of life on the frontier. At this time, Arizona was a land of chaos and therefore lacked a civilized community. In effect, women’s most important responsibility remained within her home to create a comforting and refined atmosphere which would ultimately raise the standard of living in Arizona (Fischer 47). These ideas continued to emerge in the twentieth century and left women with few choices and opportunities. However, two women, Josephine Hughes and Isabella Greenway, were able to free themselves from the constraints of society and undertake influential roles in the political realm because of the extraordinary but favorable circumstances in their lives. Both women were wealthy, courageous, persistent, or associated with powerful and influential men. Josephine Hughes amazingly rose above societal norms and played an active role in political movements because of her privileged financial status. Because she was a woman of means, her home had all of the modern conveniences of the time. For instance, her home was the first in the Tucson area to be illuminated with candlesticks while her neighbors used a burning rag in a saucer of grease as a means for lighting. Most importantly, the Hughes’ were the first to obtain a cistern which was considered a luxury because they no longer had to buy their drinking water from peddlers who sold it a very high price (Boehringer 99). These conveniences eliminated the monotonous, time-consuming activities necessary for a woman to sustain a household. Therefore, she had more time and energy to dedicate herself to various causes such as the suffrage and temperance movements. However, Josephine Hughes was able to surpass the restraints imposed by tradition because she possessed a quality that simply could not be bought: courage. She manifested such inner strength especially in situations when the odds were against her. In 1892, she made the treacherous journey from Pennsylvania to the West with her infant daughter. At this time, the Apaches conducted a series of violent raids that left many white settlers in the area dead. Because of the obvious danger, Josephine carried her baby in one arm and a loaded rifle in the other (98).

Differences and Similarities of Christianity and Judaism Essay

Many people today still believe that Christianity and Judaism are both the same religion. This is not so, despite the fact that they both share certain similarities; Christianity and Judaism are both different religions. It is my pleasure to shed some light on the differences and similarities of both religions’ views on salvation. In this research I will first define salvation in its literal form. Secondly, I will take a closer look into the history and development of both religions and shed further light on how they differ. Finally, I will go on to further compare and contrast both religions and show where they differ and where they are alike. At the end of this research, people will have a greater understanding of both Christianity and Judaism and be able to identify how different they both are. According to Matt Slick, â€Å"Salvation is being saved from the righteous judgment of God upon the sinner.† Most people in the world believe that salvation means being saved from the devil or from themselves, but this is not a fact. Your salvation depends on the judgment God has on you. All who sin against God falls under his judgment, this judgment is known as damnation, and this is where God condemns to eternal hell anyone who has offended him by breaking his law. Matt Slick went further to say, â€Å"This does not mean that God is unfair. It shows that God is holy. God must punish the sinner. But, he has provided a way of escape so that people will not face his righteous judgment. This means that God is both holy and loving. He must manifest each quality equally. So being saved from the wrath of God is called salvation.† The bible states that salvation is found in Jesus and only in him, who is also known as God in flesh and also who died for our sins and rose from t he dead. 1 Cor. 15: 1-4 says, â€Å"Now I make known to you, brethren, the gospel which I preached to you, which also you received in which also you stand, by which also you are saved, if you hold fast the word I preached to you, unless you believe in vain. For delivered to you as of first importance what I also received, that Christ died for our sins according to the scriptures, and that he was buried, and that he was raised on the third day according to the Scriptures.† All of us have sinned against God and deserve judgment. But Jesus never  sinned ( 1 Pet. 2:22). It is through Jesus we all gain salvation based on evidence in the scriptures and this is how salvation works. To define it simply, Christianity is one of the world’s major monotheistic religions. Christians believe in Jesus Christ and follow his teachings. they believe Jesus is God’s own son, sent by God to become human. As the son of God, Jesus is divine, but he was also a human being who lived among us on earth, over 2,000 years ago. Followers of Jesus are part of God’s people, whose heritage includes the Jewish people and the Christian Church throughout the world today. Christianity strongly supports salvation and everything it stands for. According to Patheos Library, an online religious community, â€Å"Christianity developed out of Judaism in the 1st century C.E. It is formed on the life, teachings, death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ, and those who follow him are called Christians.† Christianity’s origin came out of Palestine and they believe in God (Trinity), which means God in three forms, Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. The publication posted on Patheos Library went further to state, â€Å"Christianity has many different branches and forms with accompanying variety in beliefs and practices. The three major branches of Christianity are Roman Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy, and Protestantism, with numerous subcategories within each of these branches.† It was not until the latter part of the 20th century that most adherents of Christianity were in the west, even though it had spread to every continent and is now the largest religion in the world today. The traditional Christian beliefs include the belief in the one and only true god, who is one being and exist as Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. Christianity also believes in Jesus as the divine and human Messiah who was sent here on earth to live and dwell with man and save the world from sin. The Christian church has many ethics that governs the activities of the church and aid in ensuring that its members walk in the correct path and grows closer in faith and closer to God. The Christian church ethics stands firm against abortion and believes this practice is of the devil. Christianity also disagrees with same sex marriage as well, based on the fact that in creation, God made Adam and Eve, not Adam and Steve. This has been a very controversial topic for many years, as many do believe that same  sex marriage should be accepted as human rights activist backs up this claim. There has been not one case in the bible where same sex marriage or same sex relationships were encouraged or practiced freely, and it’s based on this that Christians do not believe in the practice. A brief look into the culture of Judaism should shed some light on the culture and help persons to differentiate better. According to, thinkquest.org, â€Å"Judaism is the religious culture of the Jewish People and is one of the world’s oldest religions. Judaism makes up the cultural system of Jewish law, custom, and practice of the whole individual and community. It is a system in which everyone is under God’s rule. Judaism originated in the Middle East and has spread throughout all parts of the world because of both voluntary migrations and forced exile or expulsions. The total world Jewish population is about 15 million, most of whom live in the United States, Israel, and the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republic.† A very important topic when discussing faith in Jewish text is that of Romans in the New Testament. A 20th century western definition of faith is often used to support theologies that claim to be based on the Hebrew Scriptures. For instance, within modern Christianity there is a range of belief regarding faith. The idea that faith is totally separated from â€Å"works† based on verses such as Ephesians 2:8-9 and Romans 3:28 and others taught by some protestants. Also the idea that works must be performed to â€Å"earn salvation.† According to, yashanet.com, an online publication, â€Å"When dealing with the texts of the â€Å"New Testament,† the English language word â€Å"faith† must be interpreted in the Hebrew context it was originally conceived in by the author. As such, the word â€Å"trust† may be a better one to use, at it conveys a combination of belief and action.† The Jewish view of faith, including that of Paul, is established in ideas such as, â€Å"Faith is active and includes the â€Å"works† of following Torah. The foundational statement of faith in Judaism is the â€Å"Shema,† from Deuteronomy 6:4. The term â€Å"hear† (as in â€Å"Hear O Israel †¦Ã¢â‚¬ , means t_o hear and respond obediently._ Faith and obedience are  woven together. This is clearly reflected in the words of Yeshua, Paul and James.† According to, Ariela Pelaia, â€Å"Judaism is a monotheistic faith, meaning that Jews believe there is only One God. Often this God is beyond our ability to comprehend, but God is nevertheless present in our everyday lives. How individual Jews choose to understand this manifestation of the divine varies. Some connect with God through prayer, others see the divine in the majesty of the natural world, others may not think about God on a daily basis. Each individual’s relationship with God is unique and personal.† The Jewish religion teaches that everyone, whether Jewish or non-Jewish, is created â€Å"b’tzelem Elohim,† which is Hebrew for â€Å"in the image of God.† It is with this reason every person is equally important and has an infinite potential to do good in the world. The Jewish community also believes that Jews are uniquely connected with each other, regardless of where they live in this world. The Torah is Judaism’s most important text. It contains stories and commandments that teach us about life and death. It contains the 10 Commandments as well as the 613 commandments (mitzvot). All Jews consider the 10 Commandments to be the most important commandments in the Torah, though not all Jews adhere to the 613 mitzvot (one of the main differences between the different branches of Judaism). The Torah also tells us that the Land of Israel (Eretz Yisrael) was apart of the covenant made between God and the Jewish people on Mount Sinai. Even though Judaism and Christianity have a lot in common, they do both share some major differences that clearly set them apart. Traditionally, Jews recite prayers three times daily, with a fourth prayer added on Shabbat and holidays. Most of the prayers in a traditional Jewish service can be said in solitary prayer, although communal prayer is preferred. Jews also have certain religious clothing which a traditional Jew wears. Christians believe that all people should strive to follow Christ’s commands and example in their everyday actions. For many, this includes obedience to the Ten Commandments. Other Christian practices include acts of piety such as prayer and Bible reading. Christians assemble for communal worship on Sunday, the day of the resurrection, though other liturgical practices often occur outside this setting. Scripture readings are drawn from the Old and New  Testaments, but especially the Gospels. The place of origin for Christianity is Jerusalem while Judaism reigns from out of Israel and Christianity believes in Jesus Christ as founder and messiah, and for Judaism its Abraham, Moses. Christian practices includes, Prayers, Sacraments, worshipping in Church, reading the Holy Bible, acts of charity, Communion-partaking in the Body and Blood of Our Lord Jesus Christ, under the appearance of Bread and Wine. The practices of Judaism differs in that, Orthodox Jews recite prayers 3 times daily, with a fourth prayer added on Shabbat and holidays. Shacarit prayer in the morning, Mincha in the afternoon, Arvit at night. Musaf is an extra Shabbat service. When it comes down to the source of scripture, Christianity uses the Holy Bible, a collection of canonical books in two parts (Old and New Testament). For Judaism it’s the Tanakh (Jewish Bible), Torah. When it comes down to life after death, the Christian view of this is that Man is appointed to die once, and after that come judgment. Those that are redeemed, live on in Heaven, those that rejected God suffer for eternity in Hell, while Jews believes in a World to come, Reincarnation (some groups); temporal suffering in Hell; eventual return to Paradise(Garden of Eden), unifying with God Works Cited (Spain, Islands, Arab countries, Turkey) Ashkenaz (Central/Eastern Europe, Germany, France) Greek, MIzrachi: Jemen, Conservative, Reconstructionist, and Reform. â€Å"Christianity vs Judaism – Difference and Comparison | Diffen.† Diffen – Compare Anything. Diffen. Discern. Decide.. N.p., 11 Apr. 2012. Web. 11 Apr. 2013. . BBC Religion . â€Å"BBC – Religion: Christianity.† BBC – Homepage. N.p., 21 Jan. 1013. Web. 11 Apr. 2013. . Books Of Romans. â€Å"Jewish views of salvation, faith and freedom.† YashaNet HomePage. N.p., 23 Apr. 2010. Web. 11 Apr. 2013. . Krell, Marc. â€Å"Afterlife and Salvation.† Patheos | Hosting the Conversation on Faith. N.p., 22 Oct. 2009. Web. 11 Apr. 2013. . ORACLE. â€Å"Judaism: Introduction.† ThinkQuest : Library. N.p., 31 Dec. 2008. Web. 11 Apr. 2013. . Religion Facts. â€Å"Comparison Chart: Christianity vs. Judaism – ReligionFacts.† Religion, World Religions, Comparative Religion – Just the facts on the world’s religions.. N.p., 19 June 2009. Web. 11 Apr. 2013. . Religion Facts. â€Å"Christian Salvation – ReligionFacts.† Religion, World Religions, Comparative Religion – Just the facts on the world’s religions.. N.p., 12 Sept. 2009. Web. 11 Apr. 2013. . Slick, Matt. â€Å"What is salvation? | Discuss what is salvation. | Christian Apologetics and Research Ministry.† CARM – Christian Apologetics and Research Ministry. N.p., 13 Feb. 2010. Web. 11 Apr. 2013. . iconoclasms, zantine. â€Å"History of Christianity – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.† Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. N.p., 23 Nov. 2011. Web. 11 Apr. 2013. .

Cinema History: the Seventh Seal

Ingmar Bergman’s film, Seventh Seal, reflects his views on life in an allegorical fashion. Bergman utilizes the setting of a medieval, plague-ridden landscape to metaphorically investigate the existence of god and meaning of life. The film follows the knight, Antonius, as he returns from the Crusades with his squire, Jons. Bergman uses black and white to enhance the mood. The film’s vivid imagery and powerful score challenge the viewer to interpret the film’s messages and assign them meaning. The film investigates the deepest philosophical questions of humanity. Compared with Akira Kurosawa’s film, Ikiru, the Seventh Seal expresses a darker outlook on the world. Bergman’s cinematic masterpiece remains a relevant work of art in a world that struggles to address the deepest questions of religion and the phenomena of simply being alive. Seventh Seal begins with a shot of the heavens as a powerful orchestrated piece of music plays. A passage from the Book of Revelation is recited, â€Å"And when the Lamb had opened the seventh seal, there was silence in heaven about the space of half an hour,† (Revelation 8:1). Antonius and Jons lie on a beach of pebbles. The land is framed proportional to the sky, juxtaposing the kingdoms of heaven and earth. A chess set sits to the right of Antonius. The camera pans away from him, zooming in on the chess pieces. It symbolically equates Antonius as a piece of the game. A man cloaked in black approaches, revealing himself to be death. He states that he has come for them. Antonius challenges him to a chess match. Death agrees that if Antonius is able to defeat death he shall go free. The game is continued throughout the film. As Antonius and Jons move along their journey, death continuosly lurks as an ominous force. The film constantly makes references to death and uncertainty through the presents of the plague. The sky in the background is often cloudy as though God is absent from the heavens and oblivious to the suffering on earth. In one scene, Jons seeks directions from a man who appears to be sleeping; the man is dead and rotting. Not only is the man unable to provide direction, but there is also no divine direction. The plague represents the absence of God and humanity’s uncertainty when faced with unexplainable destruction. In a scene later in the film, death impersonates a confessional priest. He listens as Antonius speaks about the mystery of god, stating, â€Å"Is it so cruelly inconceivable to grasp God with the senses? Why should he hide himself in a mist of half-spoken promises and unseen miracles? What is going to happen to those of us who want to believe but aren't able to? † Death, who embodies the complete absence of life, remains silent. Bergman depicts mans suffering, metaphorically addressing the inabilities of humanity to comprehend the purpose of both the human self and the divine. The plague challenges faith, as an incomprehensible punishment inflicted for unexplainable reasons. It leaves the populous to deal with the absence of divine direction. This is demonstrated very powerfully throughout the film. Jof and his fellow actors dance and sing on a small village stage. The actors represent innocence and good nature. Abruptly, religious music interrupts the actor’s production. A procession of priests, baring crosses and incense, marches though the village. They sing in unison as shirtless men accompanying them whip themselves and each other. The entire village drops to its knees as the horrifying parade of suffering passes. This demonstrates the absence of God. The religious, unable to comprehend the suffering that is the plague, torture themselves in an attempt to appease God. This phenomenon is continued when Antonius witnesses a young girl tied to a post. She is deprived of water and whimpering in pain. The authorities believe her to be bewitched by the devil and the cause of the plague. The girl is to be burned alive. This event communicates the true horror of humans left to suffering and doubt. The actor Jof and his wife Mia represent natural beauty and good nature. The scenes with them bring a warmth and happiness to the, dark suffering depicted. The lighting is often softer and brighter around Jof and Mia, contrasting them with the bleak atmosphere of the film. Antonius befriends the actors, and they all share a picnic of milk and wild strawberries. The simplicity of this meal is symbolic. It represents the beauty that exists in simplicity itself. Antonius reminisces about his life before the Crusades and his love for the wife he left behind. He expresses his ongoing burden of faith stating, â€Å"Faith is a torment did you know that? It is like loving someone who is out there in the darkness but never appears, no matter how loudly you call. † This statement embodies the questions presented by Bergman throughout Seventh Seal. The Seventh Seal concludes with Antonius knocking over the chess pieces in order to distract death from Jof and Mia. Death claims Antonius and his companions as Jof has a vision of them in the distance doing the dance of death. The viewer is eft with powerful messages concerning the existence of God and meaning of life. Comparing the film with Akira Kurosawa’s Ikiru, it is apparent that both share similar ending themes. The protagonist in each film pursues a selfless action. In Ikiru, Watanabe, the protagonist, abandons the bureaucracy he has been a part of for so long in order to fight to create a local park. The Seventh Seal depicts the game of chess between Antonius and death. Antoni us knocks over the pieces, allowing his friends to escape. Both films protagonists fight for things bigger than themselves. Bergman and Kurosawa explore similar themes, but the Seventh Seal maintains a darker outlook on the world. Bibliography â€Å"Analysis of the Church Scene in Bergman. † Southern Illinois University Edwardsville. Web. 3 Mar. 2010. . Cook, David A. A History of Narrative Film. New York: W. W. Norton, 2004. Print. â€Å"Det Sjunde Inseglet (1957). † The Internet Movie Database (IMDb). Web. 3 Mar. 2010. . Holy Bible: English Standard Version. Wheaton, Ill. : Crossway Bibles, 2001. Print. â€Å"Norman N. Holland, Meeting a Movie: The Seventh Seal. † College of Liberal Arts and Sciences | The University of Florida. Web. 28 Feb. 2010. .

The Puzzle of Motivation

The Puzzle of Motivation Dan Pink makes a very interesting proposal on how employees should be motivated. His argument basically seeks to show that the kind of jobs done in the 21st century require a new approach to answering the question on how employees are to be maximally motivated to do these jobs.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on The Puzzle of Motivation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The theme of his talk is that there is a disagreement between what science advocates for in the management of business and how business management should be undertaken. The talk significantly shows that the carrot-stick approach is increasingly losing significance in today’s workplace. The speaker starts off his argument by examining the candle problem – an experiment created in 1945 by Karl Duncker. The speaker argues that solving the candle problem requires overcoming functional fixedness. The speaker further notes that creativity is also important in solving the problem. When the experiment was undertaken, the results showed that incentives did not help to solve problems that required cognitive performance. Actually, the results showed that giving incentives in cognitive based problems reduced productivity of workers. These results and the argument of the speaker seem illogical at first. But as he continues to offer more evidence to his argument, a lot of sense emerges out of his talk. I find the talk convincing. Pink uses ample evidence to pass across his argument. I am in agreement with him about the dynamics of the 21st century workplace. It is true that people are becoming more interested in doing what they enjoy doing rather than doing what earns them more cash. Pink argues that the carrot-stick approach works in environments where there is a routine schedule to be followed. He goes ahead to note that few workplaces have fixed routines to be followed. I find this to be true. This is because even in workpla ces which seem to have fixed routines, there is always a room for creativity – it cannot be said that there are routine jobs per se. For instance, take the work done by a receptionist. This work may be perceived to be of a fixed nature. But the truth is, a receptionist has plenty of room for creativity and thus can avoid doing his or her work routinely. This is possible if the ROWE (Result Oriented Workplace Environment) approach proposed by Pink is applied to this job.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Pink suggests the ROWE approach for the 21st century workplace. He argues that this approach works better than the carrot-stick approach because it gives autonomy to employees. He goes further to buttress this view by quoting few examples where the ROWE approach has led to realization of brilliant outcomes. The examples include Gmail, a product of a Google ’s â€Å"20 percent autonomy hours†. Definitely, Pink makes a powerful proposal but something that I find out of order in his talk is his insistence on incentives almost having no place in the workplace today. In as much as people are looking for autonomy in their workplace and jobs which can give them satisfaction, I believe incentives still play a significant role in increasing productivity. A better stand would be marrying ROWE and carrot-stick approaches in a manner that would optimize productivity. It is obvious that doing away with incentives will be demoralizing to employees especially if an organization keeps on making huge profits and what the employees get in turn is their normal salaries and just the joy of doing their work. Pink, Dan. â€Å"The puzzle of motivation.† TED, 2013. Web. https://www.ted.com/talks/dan_pink_on_motivation.

Word Choice Peak, Peek, or Pique

Word Choice Peak, Peek, or Pique Word Choice: Peak, Peek, or Pique? Homophones are problematic enough when we’re dealing with two words that sound the same. But with â€Å"peak,† â€Å"peek,† and â€Å"pique,† we have a tricky homophonic threesome to deal with. But what do these words mean? And how can you avoid errors in your written work? Let us explain. Peak (Highest Point) A â€Å"peak† is typically the highest point of something. This might be a physical high point, such as the highest point on a mountain: The peak of Mount Everest is 29,029 feet above sea level. However, a â€Å"peak† can also be the high point of an activity or quality: Most athletes achieve hit their peak between 26 and 28 years old. In this case, we’re talking about the age at which athletes perform best. And while â€Å"peak† is often a noun, it can be used as a verb or an adjective: Viewing figures peaked one hour into the program. I’ve been in peak condition since I started working out. In the first sentence above, we use â€Å"peak† as a verb to mean â€Å"hit its highest point.† In the second sentence, meanwhile, â€Å"peak† is modifying the noun â€Å"condition† (meaning â€Å"top condition†). Take a peek at this peak. Peek (A Quick or Secretive Glance) â€Å"Peek† can be either a verb or a noun. In either case, it refers to taking a quick or furtive look at something. Using it as a verb, for example, we might say: He peeked around the corner to see if we were being followed. Or if we wanted to use it as a noun, we could say: I only took a peek at your email last night, but I’ll read it in full tomorrow. Whether used as a verb or a noun, then, â€Å"peek† is always related to looking at something briefly or from a hidden position. Pique (Irritation or Interest) â€Å"Pique† is a much rarer term than the other words here. However, it is used in some common phrases, so it is useful to know what it means. One of these phrases is â€Å"fit of pique,† which we use when someone does something suddenly because they are annoyed: He left the restaurant in a fit of pique when the waiter laughed at him. Other than this, you may hear someone say that something â€Å"piqued† their curiosity or interest. This sense of â€Å"pique† is a verb that means â€Å"arouse interest or curiosity†: The letter piqued my curiosity, so I wrote back straight away. One common error is to write â€Å"peak my curiosity,† as some people think it means â€Å"raise my curiosity to its highest point.† And while this makes some sense, it is not the correct phrase! Summary: Peak, Peek, or Pique? â€Å"Peak,† â€Å"peek,† and â€Å"pique† sound the same, but each has its own meaning: A peak is the highest point of something. To peek is usually to take a quick or furtive look at something. Pique can mean â€Å"irritation† or â€Å"arouse interest.† It is most commonly used in phrases such as â€Å"a fit of pique† or â€Å"to pique curiosity.† Make sure not to confuse these terms! If you’d like help ensuring your writing is error free, moreover, a bit of proofreading can go a long way.

Antarctic sea ice melt and its implications Essay

Antarctic sea ice melt and its implications - Essay Example mosphere and polar oceans; and changes the force of ocean buoyancy by redistributing fresh water through transportation and subsequent melting of comparatively fresh sea ice. Thesis Statement: The purpose of this essay is to investigate Antarctica sea ice melt, examine the ocean-atmosphere interaction, and evaluate the environmental and societal impact of rising sea levels and other impacts of the sea ice melt. Globally, there is a decline of snow and ice over the past several years, particularly since 1980, with an increasing downturn during the last decade. In the South Pole, the east and west Antarctic Ice Sheets are â€Å"two unequal parts, with different histories and characteristics† (Mercer 1978: 323), Figure 1 below. Unlike the vast, older and mostly land-based ice sheet in East Antarctica, the Western Antarctic ice sheet is younger, much smaller and marine-based, anchored to a distance of 2,500 meters below sea level. Further, West Antarctica is not a single continent, but is a series of islands covered by ice, touching the ocean floor, and not based on land (NASA 2010). Two-thirds of the continent is East Antarctica, a high, frozen desert. If all the ice melted, it would increase the global sea level by about 60 meters or 197 feet. The results from a recent National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/ German Aerospace Center’s Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) study, indicate that since 2006 there has been greater ice loss from interior East Antarctica than earlier believed (Chen et al 2009). In the Southern Ocean, sea ice forms a fringe around the entire Antarctic continent (Figure 2. below) which is surrounded by the waters of different seas. The Antarctica is subdivided into 5 sectors by researchers, each impacted by diverse geography and weather conditions. This results in greater yearly variations in Antarctic sea ice, as compared to Arctic sea ice (Nasa.Gov 2010). â€Å"Across the Antarctic Peninsula lies one of the

Fast Company Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Fast Company - Assignment Example In addition, the discourse would explore how these winners tell their story, describe their mission, engage volunteers, and measure success. ACCION International have consistently met the criteria for five years through offering microfinance access to credits that enable poverty stricken individuals and groups to improve their ways of live and well-being. By reaching as much as â€Å"2.5 million active clients and is well on its way to surpassing 3 million by the end of 2007† (Fast Company: Accion, 2012, par. 3). Their long term mission and goal of seeking ways by which millions would learn how to help themselves, this organization envisions the ideals of social responsibility on a more global scope. CITY YEAR, an organization based in Boston, Massachusettes, has likewise met the five criteria through enjoining the youth in rendering services through various productive activities such as tutoring, organizing after school and vacation programs, joining community activities, and engaging in physical service programs (Fast Company: City Year, 2012). This winner has exemplified growth and active involvement of young leaders to complete one full year in service and have consistently manifested growth of membership, locations and accomplishments. Accordingly, the organization has: â€Å"graduated more than 10,400 alumni; served 1,060,000 children; completed 16 million hours of service; partnered with more than 1050 corporations and 3,100 service organizations; and engaged more than 1,000,000 citizens in service† (Fast Company: City Year, 2012, par. 5). JUMPSTART focuses in early education programs that aim to engage â€Å"preschool children from low-income communities in an intensive early education program to improve their cognitive and emotional development, ensuring they enter kindergarten prepared to succeed at grade level† (Fast Company: Jumpstart, 2012, par. 2). Through evaluations that indicate that Jumpstart students have remarkably

Counterfeit Medicine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Counterfeit Medicine - Essay Example Because of this demand pharmaceutical companies now face the problem of counterfeit medicine (Cockburn, p. 302). The World Health Organization and the US FDA estimates that ten percent (10%) of the medicines and drugs sold in the United States are counterfeit drugs. These drugs are known to be manufactured overseas, particularly in Asia or Africa where it is reported that the real drugs are being sold along side of the counterfeit ones. These counterfeit medicines when taken in may have serious health consequences. A lot of counterfeit medicines sold today are cheaper or almost the same price as that of the real medicine. This also makes them a competitor for legal pharmaceuticals. One of the serious health implications for ingesting these counterfeit drugs are the possible side effects not reported or present in real medicine. Counterfeit medicines are also known to contain little or a different drug ingredient that has not passed FDA approval (US FDA, para.3). The economic repercussion of having these fake drugs available is that legal pharmaceuticals are losing money. Fake drugs may look and have the same packaging, it is sometimes impossible for the average consumer to know which one is fake or counterfeit. Consumers or patients who get a hold of counterfeit medicine also lose money because they do not get the product that they have paid for, and the medicinal benefit of the drug. Add to that the possibility of getting hospitalized because of the adverse effects of the counterfeit drugs, or worse death (Hope, para. 2). The problem of counterfeit medicine has stemmed from the known income earnings of pharmaceutical companies and commercialism. Companies that are trying to outsell each other may try to get sourcing of their raw materials from third world countries and sometimes these medicines contain little or weak proportions of an active ingredient or worse a different

Rapid Tooling For Technology For Injection Moulding

Rapid Tooling For Technology For Injection Moulding Rapid Tooling describes the process where a Rapid Prototyping (RP) model is used as a master pattern to create a mould rapidly. The Rapid Prototyping model may also be used directly as a tool. The two halves of a tool are referred to as the core and cavity. Rapid Tooling (RT) first evolved in the early 90s with the introduction of RTV silicone tooling from SLA master patterns, the mid 90s saw the introduction of investment casting tooling, direct AIM tooling, sand casting and metal SLS tooling. By the late 90s die casting and laminate tooling were introduced.4 The difference between Rapid Tooling and conventional tooling is: A time reduction of up to 1/5th is made when using Rapid Tooling. Rapid Tooling can cost less than 5% of the conventional tooling cost. Conventional tools generally have a longer life cycle. Larger tolerances for Rapid Tooling than for conventional tooling.  [1]   The two types of RT method available are Direct and Indirect tooling. Direct tooling is a soft tooling method which uses an RP model directly as a tool for moulding whereas indirect tooling is where the RP model is used as a master pattern to create a mould or die. Reasons for Rapid Tooling Within the last 25 years market trends have changed greatly, the product life span of many products such as mobile phones has been reduced drastically with updated models being released as often as every 3 to 4 months. The variation and complexity of products available has dramatically increased with manufacturers under increased pressure to reduce the time to market for these products. Taking all of this into account it is clear to see that parts need to be produced cheaper and quicker, therefore enhancing the need for manufacturers to adopt RT methods.4 Two of the most important things that toolmakers need to consider are if and when to adopt RT methods. RT has many advantages over conventional tooling methods: Speed: The majority of RT techniques offer an increase in speed compared to conventional tooling methods. A tool with ribs and bosses may take multiple operations i.e. CNC programming, CNC milling and EDM; however with RT the same tool may be done in one swift operation.  [2]   Cost effective for complex tooling: With RT methods it is possible to create complex geometries which would not difficult to produce by conventional methods. Automation: Automation of many of the RT processes means tooling can be build 24 hours a day without any human interaction. This improves productivity, and more tools are produced without the increased amount of manpower it would take to produce the same number conventionally. Human error: Human error can be significantly reduced by adopting RT methods and building a tool directly from the master pattern. Conventional methods may incur incorrect CNC programming or misinterpretation of CAD/technical drawings.2 Design possibilities: It is possible to integrate conformal cooling channels into complex tooling inserts when using RT methods. Tool design is not limited to designing tools which can be conventionally machined.2 Figure Rapid Tooling Vs Conventional shows the typical time savings which can be made by employing RT techniques oppose to conventional machining techniques. Rapid injection molding vs. conventional injection molding Figure Rapid Tooling Vs Conventional Tooling  [3]   Direct Tooling Direct AIM Tools Direct AIM (ACES Injection Moulding) is the process whereby tools are created directly on an SLA machine. The tools are initially designed using CAD software and the process involves creating a part by SLA which is basically a shell on the underside. The purpose of the shell is to leave a cavity so that each half of the mould can be filled with a backing material such as an epoxy resin, metal or ceramic. By backfilling the mould a thermal conduit is provided for the heat exchange process and it is also possible to add any cooling channels to the mould at this stage.  [4]   The surface of the moulds is finished to improve the quality of the surface. Using this method it is possible to create up to 100 parts with an accuracy of  ±0.15 0.3mm. Typical application for this type of tool would be for smaller parts, mainly prototype injection moulding tools, low volume wax injection tooling and low volume foundry patterns.  [5]   Advantages A relatively fast process a mould can be designed and built within a 2 week period. Cheap process for small tools, such as mobile phone and mp3 player casing. Building large parts on an SLA machine is not cheap. Disadvantages A CAD model of the tool is required as this has to be saved as an stl file in order for the SLA machine to build the 3D tool. Low durability the complexity of the tool and thermoplastic material used to build the tool all affect its life cycle. Moulds produced this way can create as little as 10 parts. Moulds typically degrade gradually with each part that is moulded on it. Laser Sintered Tooling Tooling inserts made by sintering are initially designed using CAD software and then produced by using DMLS (Direct Metal Laser Sintering) or SLS (Selective Laser Sintering) methods. SLS Rapid Steel Rapid steel powder is used to directly build a tool cavity using laser sintering; the powder consists of a stainless steel particles coated in a polymer binder. The parts which are produced are called green parts which are then put into a furnace. The furnace removes the polymer binder and infiltrates bronze into the mould to create a dense 60 (steel)/40 (bronze) part. The tooling inserts are then finished and fitted to a bolster. Advantages A relatively fast process which will produce a strong metal tool. Conformal Cooling channels can be built into the tool. Possible to create complex geometries. Disadvantages Finishing and polishing is required. Poor accuracy. Equipment cost is high. Size limitations, max 200 x 200 x 100mm Copper Polyamide Tooling A Copper and polyamide powder is sintered to form the tool. Only the polyamide particles in the powder are actually sintered. The advantage to this process is the tool strength and heat transfer compared with other methods. Copper provides the tool with these characteristics, allowing the tool to be used at high pressure and temperature.  [6]   This method is suitable for several hundred mouldings.5 DMLS (Direct Metal Laser Sintering) Using a laser sintering machine, metal in the form of powder is sintered to produce a tooling insert. The two available materials are Bronze and Steel based, the bronze based material offers a higher definition of features than the steel based one.6 Laminated Tooling Laminated tooling is very similar to the LOM (Layer Object Manufacturing) process as slices of a CAD model are replicated by layers of cut sheet metal. The steel laminations are laser cut or cut with a water jet. Tooling inserts are initially designed using CAD software; the CAD model must represent the cavity of the tool in order to produce the mould. The slices of the cavity are cut in sheet metal which has a thickness of 1mm and then bonded, clamped or brazed together. The use of a thick laminate results in a poor surface finish so the tool must be finish machined.3 Typical application for this type of tool would be large complex tools and aerospace tooling.2 Advantages Efficient use of material due to layers being cut to the exact size required. Conformal Cooling channels can be built into the tool easily if required. Standard steel sheet is used, making the process relatively quick and cheap. Good for large tools up to 2000 x 1000 x 500mm Design of parts can be easily changed by replacing a laminate layer as long as it has not been bonded. Disadvantages Tools have to be finish machined to remove the step like features to obtain accuracy. The joints between each lamination provide the tool with a weak link. Part complexity is dependent upon layer thickness. Indirect Tooling Rigid Cast Resin Tooling This process manufactures a tooling insert using aluminium filled epoxy resin as the tool material. A master RP model is initially manufactured and the part is set up on a split line. The resin is then cast onto the model which is within a bolster. The resin is then left to cure, a release coat is applied to the mould, the shut-off material removed and the process is repeated for the other half of the mould. When both halves of the mould have cured, the shut off material is removed and a bolster and ejector pins are added.2,4 Typical application for this type of tool would be a small sized tool, low volume RIM (Resin Injection Moulding) tools or low volume press tools. Accuracy of the tool is dependent upon each step within the process so shrinkage and deformation must be taken into account when reviewing the overall accuracy. Advantages Quick to produce, 2-3 days. Cost is typically 40% less than with conventional tooling.  [7]   Quick repair on tools is possible. Disadvantages Flash can occur resulting in more effort required to trim mouldings. Difficult and slow to mould Fragile and easy to break. Repairs are not long lasting. Distortion is possible with larger tools due to exothermic processes. Cast Metal Tooling Sand Casting A master pattern is placed in Green sand to create a mould, the pattern is removed and the cavity of the mould is filled with molten metal. The metal is left to cool and the sand mould is broken away to leave a finished casting. Investment Casting A master pattern is created from wax or a material which can be melted. The wax pattern is then dipped in slurry consisting of plaster of Paris, binder and silica repeatedly to create a surface on it. The mould is then heated up in an oven leaving the wax to melt away. The completed mould can then be filled with a molten metal to create the part. Rubber Plaster Casting A master RP pattern is created and shut off, silicone is cast in the shape of the tool. Liquid plaster slurry is poured around the silicone, once cured the silicone is removed. Molten metal is then poured into the plaster mould.  [8]   Advantages Solid metal tools are produced. Conformal cooling is possible. One master can allow multiple tools. Steel tools can be made but with increased difficulty. Disadvantages Tools may need to be finish machined and polished. Difficult to hold tolerances. http://www.crptechnology.com/sito/images/stories/ElementiFissiHome/rapid-casting.jpg Figure Investment Casting, RP model on left.  [9]   Metal Spray Tooling This method is used to produce soft tooling inserts. A master pattern is produced and shut-off; a thin shell of 1-2mm of zinc is sprayed over the pattern, this shell is then removed and backed up with an epoxy resin or ceramic to make the mould more rigid. This is then repeated for the other half of the tool. The surface of the metal shell is usually polished and even sealed. Electric Arc Spraying In this process two conductive metal wires are melted by means of an electric arc. The metal melts, and the molten material is atomised by a gas and propelled on to the surface of the pattern. The molten particles on the pattern rapidly solidify to form the metal coating of the shell.  [10]   High Velocity Oxygen Fuel Metal powder particles are injected into a high velocity jet. The jet is formed by oxygen and fuel combusting and heating and accelerating the molten metal towards the surface of the pattern. Metal coatings produced this way are strong and very dense allowing a thicker coating to be applied to the pattern compared to electric arc spraying.  [11]   Advantages High quality surface finish. Relatively quick. Fine detail such as graining can be achieved. Conformal cooling is possible. Large scale tools can be produced. Disadvantages Line of sight limitations impossible to spray undercuts or narrow slots. Surface is porous so may need to be sealed to reduce infiltration. Any repairs and modifications are very difficult to undertake. Special equipment and operating environment is required. Figure H.V.O.F process  [12]   Electroformed Nickel Tooling Nickel Shell Tooling This method involves a nickel surface being created on an RP model. A master RP pattern is produced and shut-off, the part is then put in an electroplating bath to form a nickel shell on the surface. Once plated, the part is removed from the bath; the nickel shell is removed and backed up with a thermally conductive ceramic material. Cooling channels, typically made from copper can be built into the mould at this time.  [13]   Typical application for this type of tool would be large production vacuum forming tools and composite forming tooling for the aerospace industry. Advantages Detail from the master model is picked up almost perfectly. Nickel provides a smooth surface which is dense and hard. Low thermal stress compared to metal spray techniques. Disadvantages Slow process which can take up to 6 weeks to produce a 6mm shell. Line of sight limitations Nickel Vapour Deposition (NVD) This method converts Nickel Carbonyl gas (NiCO4) into a solid Nickel shell. A master pattern is created from aluminium or steel, and placed into a special chamber which heats the pattern up to 110-180oC. Nickel Carbonyl gas is passed over the pattern, and nickel is deposited onto the pattern to create a metal shell. The pattern is then removed from the chamber; the shell is backed up and removed from the pattern. This process is then repeated for the other half of the mould. Advantages Extremely fast, 0.25mm/hr (20 times faster than electroforming).  [14]   A more uniform wall thickness than electroforming.8 No line of sight limitations. Conformal heating and cooling is possible. Disadvantages A dangerous process which can be explosive. The master pattern must be heated evenly. Indirect Sintered Tooling 3D Keltool Process Keltool is the name given to the powder metal sintering process which involves the infiltration of a fused metal part with copper alloy.  [15]   An RTV mould is created from an SLA master pattern. When the pattern is de-moulded, slurry consisting of A6 tool steel and tungsten carbide is poured into the RTV mould. Once cured this mould is infiltrated with copper and sintered to cure the mould and increase its strength. The completed tool can be machined and has a hardness similar to A6 tool steel.9 Using this process it is possible to create a tooling insert, from master pattern to the finished product in under two weeks. Tool life expectancy can be anything between 100,000 to 10,000,000 shots dependent upon material being moulded.9 Typical application for this type of tool would be small tooling inserts. Advantages Good for complex mould geometry. Extremely fast process. Disadvantages Size limitations 6 in all directions. Difficult to machine detailed designs. Figure 3D Keltool parts  [16]   Tool Considerations When designing a tool, a number of considerations must be taken into account: Wall Thickness. Sliding Cores. Size and location of runners and ejector pins. Gate design. Size and number of cooling channels if required. Split line position. Shrinkage Wall Thickness It is possible to create walls with various thicknesses. A wall with an uneven thickness can cause problems for the tool designer, as thicker walls cool much slower than thin walls therefore resulting in greater shrinkage at the thicker sections. A uniform wall thickness will minimise any defects caused by uneven cooling. Shrinkage will also occur at wall intersections (tees).  [17]   Sliding Cores Sliding cores allow undercuts to be made; sometimes it may be possible to relocate the split line to reduce the number required. Sometimes it may be a case of re-designing a feature in order to reduce tooling costs. Any additional cores will just increase the overall cost and complexity of the tooling insert. Figure Redesigning a feature18 shows a hinge feature which has been redesigned to eliminate the requirement for the sliding core shown on the left. Figure Redesigning a feature  [18]   Ejection Methods Ejector pins are placed in the cavity or core of the mould and push the solidified moulding out of the mould. This is the most common method of ejection, the ejector pins are carried in an ejector plate which is in the mould. These pins should be positioned at points with good strength to avoid any lasting damage to the part.5 Other methods of ejection may use plates or some method of gas or air ejection to ease the part out of the moulding. Gate Design A Gate is the opening in the mould where the resin will enter from. The design and placement of gates is an extremely important factor to consider. Resin is injected into the mould at pressures of up to 20,000 psi. The immense pressure can cause gas to be forced into the liquid resin, which when cooled results in bubbles being formed in the solidified moulding. To eliminate this problem it may be necessary to add vents within the mould to allow air to be displaced as the resin is injected.  [19]   Gates should be positioned at the thicker areas of the part; the thinner areas will lose heat quicker causing the resin to cure before it reaches the thicker areas. Knit lines occur when the flow of resin is split by a core in the mould. Where the resin rejoins there may be a slight defect due to cooling and the two edges not fully merging together to create a smooth blend. This will result in a visible line which may affect aesthetics or structure of the part. A more structured gate placement may improve the resin flow and eliminate any knit lines.17 Conformal Cooling Cooling channels for Moulds are traditionally drilled in a secondary machining operation. These cooling channels are only able to follow straight lines, if a complex cooling channel is required, the mould is split into segments and channels milled into each segment. The segments are then welded back together so the channels align producing a cooling channel which is not straight.  [20]   Conformal cooling channels follow the shape of the mould and allow temperature to be distributed uniformly in the moulded material. This method is only available when using RT methods to create a mould. Conformal cooling can save money when thermal management is extremely difficult via traditional tooling methods. Recent studies have shown a 30-60% reduction in cycle times compared to conventional methods.  [21]   Figure Conventional Vs Conformal Cooling18 shows the same mould with traditional drilled channels on the left and conformal cooling channels on the right. The conformal cooling channels follow the curves of the mould closely. Figure Conventional Vs Conformal Cooling18 Split Line The split line is the line at which the two halves of the mould meet. In some cases the tooling may not be precise allowing the mould halves to open and close without any precision. The high pressure injection process will cause resin to creep into any gaps between the mould halves; this material is referred to as flash. Strategic positioning of the split line is necessary to improve part quality and to facilitate with ejection. 22 shows the same part but with the split line (red line) at different locations. On the image on the left, the walls of the part are in the bottom half and are slanting to allow the part to be ejected. This leaves the wall at the base being much thicker. If conventional methods of tooling are used, the deep narrow cut may have to be made wider to allow the machine tool full operation resulting in an even thicker wall.19 On the image on the right the top half of the tool is the core which forms the walls. This results in walls with a uniform thickness. If conventional methods are used, tooling is made easier as larger sized cutting tools can be used.19 http://www.protomold.com/designtips/2006/2006-05_designtips/images/fig1.jpg Figure Split line at different locations.  [22]   Shrinkage The majority of tooling methods involve a change of phase. A material is transformed from a liquid to a solid or solid to a liquid and back to a solid. In each case, the phase change results in a decrease in volume therefore results in shrinkage.  [23]   All of the tooling processes involve some level of volumetric shrinkage therefore some sort of shrinkage compensation is usually given for each process. It is usually a case of measuring the linear shrinkage for a given material in a particular process and then applying a shrinkage compensation factor to any other part dimensions produced this way. A part is intentionally built oversized so that when shrinkage occurs, the part will be the correct size.20 In principle this sounds great but in practice it is not so easy to achieve precise dimensions through shrinkage compensation. Case Studies Thermoplastic composite (GMT) forming tooling using thermal spraying Zinc.5 The aim of this project was to find a way to reduce the time taken to produce tooling by evaluating a different method using thermally sprayed zinc, backed with ceramic. The GMT floor pan assembly required 5 parts: Main floor, 2 cross beams, battery box and lid. The master pattern was machined and thermal sprayed with a 2mm layer of zinc. The shell was then put in a steel bolster and copper cooling channels were added. The zinc shell was then backed with a chemically bonded ceramic. The die was then ready for moulding. Moulding trials took place with a 1000 tonne press. It took 8 weeks to produce using a metal spray tooling technique oppose to the 16 weeks it would of taken using traditional machined tools. The total cost was  £80,000 a saving of  £170,000.5 Feasibility study of arc spray welding onto a master RP model.  [24]   The model used for this project was a handheld phone. Overall dimensions of the model were 100 x 50 x 20mm. An ABS RP master was fabricated and put into a bolster, and then arc sprayed to create a shell of 1.5mm thickness. Aluminium epoxy was used to back the shell; this took 24 hours to cure. The process was then repeated for the other half of the mould. The surface of the shell was polished to improve surface finishing then it was ready for injection moulding. Tool development cost ITEM COST ($) RP Master 200 Bolster 500 Sand Blasting 100 MMA resin system 500 Arc metal spraying 800 Sprue bushing 200 Reinforcement block 50 PVA 50 Labour ($20/h) 20 x 89hrs = 1780 TOTAL = $4180 Estimated cost of the tool was $4180, a traditional tooling shop quote was between $10,000 -$15,000 for the same tool. An approximate time and cost saving of 50% was achieved, the tool was also completed in less than 2 weeks. Kodak reduces tooling costs.20 A project being run at Kodak needed 25 different plastic injection moulded geometries. By using rapid tooling as a method of bridge tooling they reduced lead times by up to 85% compared with CNC/EDM generated tools. By using a composite aluminium filled epoxy they were able to create tooling inserts capable of moulding in excess of 1000 parts. in some case product development cycles were cut by a year. 20 By employing RT methods, Kodak are typically saving about 25% in tooling cost compared with traditional methods. They are able to: Test, iterate, retest and proof multiple designs far more rapidly. Form, fit and function can be tested with true prototypes which have been injection moulded with the desired end use material.20 Conclusions Rapid Tooling is a growing area which still has room for improvement and development. In the future, reducing the cost of tooling will play an important role in enabling smaller runs of parts to be made as well as allowing more product customisation for niche markets. Developments in Rapid Tooling will mean product development can be initiated closer to market entry time meaning manufacturers can gather more up to date market trends before the product is manufactured. From the research conducted and case studies viewed it is clear to see that time and cost savings can be made and productivity increased when employing Rapid Tooling techniques. The production time of tooling inserts can be shortened by a near fully automatic procedure from start to finish. Rapid Tooling is not however cheap, cost of the RP machine and other machinery such as Arc welding equipment and resins has to be taken into account. The future development of SLA resins and further improvements in Rapid Prototyping machines will only aid in the development of Rapid Tooling. Rapid Tooling still has a lot to offer, this is just the beginning; future improvements in CAD software will allow the whole process to become far more efficient.