Development of Red Pulp Macrophages †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Development of Red Pulp Macrophages. Answer: Introduction Crayfish absorbs sodium and chloride ions from very dilute solutions. Absorption is continuous as part of salt balance mechanism. There is a salt balance when the salt uptake rate equals the total salt lost. The crayfish for this experiment was acclimated to low sodium concentration for two weeks. This experiment intends to investigate how sodium is absorbed and lost by crayfish to its environment. The Crayfish was rinsed off with distilled water and its weight recorded. It was placed in the measured volume of the appropriate experimental sodium concentration. After five minutes time 0 sample was taken by removing a 5ml water sample into a clean tube and time recorded. This step was repeated at 30, 60 and 90 minutes. Using the correct worksheet calibration curve, values were entered into the grey cells, and sample photometer readings were added to obtain sodium concentration for the sample. The values for the medium sodium concentration and uptake rate were then entered on the class results table on the whiteboard before leaving the laboratory. On week two, a worksheet was provided and the data was filled in to complete it. All the green cells were filled The mean and standard error values were calculated both for the sodium concentration in the water and sodium influx rate. Passive sodium loss was determined, and Jmax values were derived Freshwater crayfish are hyperosmotic regulators that live in streams whose sodium concentrations are lower than that of their blood. Environment sodium concentration ranges between 0.05 to 1 mm/l while that of the blood is greater than 200 mm/l. The mass of the crayfish after rinsing off with distilled water was 33.117g while the mean value for the sodium concentration was 0.074 with a sodium concentration uptake rate of 0.156mol/g.h. The results showed the Passive sodium loss rate in the crayfish to be at 0.130 mol/g.h. Since sodium influx is achieved by specific membrane protein, then the maximal flux capacity of the sodium was 5.33 mol/g.h with a transport affinity of 1.82mmol/h.Freshwater Crayfish and its surroundings have an indirectly proportional relationship. It is shown evidently in the results of the experiment when the external sodium concentration rises as the internal concentration decreases. This is because freshwater crayfish are osmoregulators and they need to balance the internal and external environments. Ions are lost continuously from the crayfish to its environment across the gills. The amount of sodium lost depends on the difference in sodium concentration inside the animal and its environment (Juel et al., 2013). Since the animal loses a lot of sodium, there is need of compensating for this and can be achieved by absorbing ions from the medium using specialized cells in the gills.These are two bean shaped organs on the spine located below the ribs and behind the belly. They are designed for filtering the blood, controlling the balance of the body fluids, keeping the right levels of electrolytes and getting rid of waste (Kohyama et al., 2009). Each kidney contains tiny filters known as nephrons. Kidney failure can occur when blood stops flowing in. When the blood enters the kidney, waste is get rid of, and then salt, minerals and water are adjusted if need be. The blood which is filtered goes back into the body while the remaining is turne d into urine. The urine assembles in the pelvis of the kidney which drains down the ureter to the bladder.Kidneys are part of the urinary system. There are 6 basic functions of the kidney namely, hormone production, waste and toxins excretion, PH, ion concentrations, osmolarity and external volume regulation. Antidiuretic hormone is responsible for controlling reabsorption of water in the collecting duct (Razani, Woodman, Lisanti, 2002). Sodium ions present in the proximal tubule are then reabsorbed into the peritubular capillaries. The chlorides passing across the epithelium take the transcellular route during their movement. Water diffuses across the concentration gradient when crossing the epithelium. Reabsorption of glucose in the kidney tubule is determined by the presence or lack of the glucose cotransporter known as the SGLT1 and 2 (Motohashi et al., 2002). The kidney function is measured by inulin which determines the rate of glomerular filtration. Maintenance of systematic acid/base balance is made possible by the proximal tubule. In the proximal tubule, the angiotensin II increases regulation of water and sodium excretion. The protein inside red blood cells is hemoglobin and it carries oxygen. They are inside the bone marrow and lives for about 120 days before death (Perico et al., 2004).1ml of mammalian blood was diluted using 5 ml of saline which was isotonic in a glass test-tube and mixed. 1ml of blood was diluted using 5 ml tap water and mixed. The same volume of blood in step 2 was added to 5 ml of each of the isosmotic test solutes. Membranes of the red blood cells are is-osmotic with the blood plasma and have high permeability to water. Osmotic concentration of the cell is encompasses proteins and other solutes that cannot cross the blood cell membrane and are impermeable. It also contains permeable sodium and chloride ions. Due to this, there is a gradient for sodium ions to diffuse from plasma into the cells. The cell therefore needs to correct this by pumping out excess sodium ions through the sodium pump. When placed in a hypo-osmotic solution, water moves into the cell leading to swelling and eventually bursting of the cell. The bursting of the cell is known as hemolysis (Prtner, Langenbuch, Reipschlger, 2004). Hemoglobin is released into the solution when the cell ruptures. Hemolysis is directly proportional to the permeability of the solute. Hemolysis is caused by streptomycin enzyme. References Juel, C., Lundby, C., Sander, M., Calbet, J. A. L., Hall, G. V. (2003). Human skeletal muscle and erythrocyte proteins involved in acid?base homeostasis: adaptations to chronic hypoxia. The Journal of physiology, 548(2), 639-648. Kohyama, M., Ise, W., Edelson, B. T., Wilker, P. R., Hildner, K., Mejia, C., ... Murphy, K. M. (2009). Role for Spi-C in the development of red pulp macrophages and splenic iron homeostasis. Nature, 457(7227), 318. Motohashi, H., Sakurai, Y., Saito, H., Masuda, S., Urakami, Y., Goto, M., ... Inui, K. I. (2002). Gene expression levels and immunolocalization of organic ion transporters in the human kidney. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 13(4), 866-874. Perico, N., Cattaneo, D., Sayegh, M. H., Remuzzi, G. (2004). Delayed graft function in kidney transplantation. The Lancet, 364(9447), 1814-1827. Prtner, H. O., Langenbuch, M., Reipschlger, A. (2004). Biological impact of elevated ocean CO 2 concentrations: lessons from animal physiology and earth history. Journal of Oceanography, 60(4), 705-718. Razani, B., Woodman, S. E., Lisanti, M. P. (2002). Caveolae: from cell biology to animal physiology. Pharmacological reviews, 54(3), 431-467.